This idea has been mocking me for completion, on my desktop, for let's say at least 6 months.
Space Exploration is, hopefully, the destiny of the human race and in some distant future we will try to colonize the wider galaxy. One of the challenges of colonizing other planets is the available sunlight. Some of the most common stars in the galaxy are red dwarfs, so if we can figure out how to make life around a red dwarf work, you can make colonization work in a large swath of the universe. The reason red dwarfs are potentially difficult to colonize is the amount of energy they radiate. Unlike brighter stars, including the Earth's yellow sun, red dwarfs burn slowly, releasing the energy of fusing hydrogen and helium over a span of trillions of years. This rate of energy output means that planets orbiting a red dwarf will be unlikely to receive enough energy to power the engine of an Earth like ecology.
One potential solution, a modified Dyson swarm. For the uninitiated a Dyson swarm is a massive collection of artificial satellites orbiting a star, capturing as much energy as possible to power the needs of the satellite. Instead of capturing the energy and locally consuming it, this modified design would redirect the energy of the star towards the planet(s), that is being terraformed. The means of redirecting this energy are fairly legion, and that is with our current understanding of physics. The image below gives a really crude example of what that could look like.
Option 1) simple mirrors: the name says it all and is pretty straight forward, sunlight hits a specially designed mirror, light is bounced roughly in the direction of the planet. Crude but reasonable.
Option 2) solar power converters, the individual elements of the swarm have solar collectors and some class of light emitter, the satellites capture the energy of the star, the broad spectrum energy is converted into electricity, which then powers some class of laser that aims light at the planet, (said lasers could be mono-chromatic or produce a range of useful light frequencies.
Option 3) Quantum dots. This idea is similar to Option 2 but more sci-fi. Quantum dots are cool pieces of material science where the piece captures energy in one part of the electromagnetic spectrum and re-emits that energy at a different frequency, examples include transforming infrared rays into visible light. (there would probably need to be some mirrors to redirect the light emitted by the quantum dots.
These 3 options are broad categories and only indicate my inferences on possible solutions, others will most likely emerge if this idea is given credence.
Challenges to this concept are legion, first and foremost, manufacturing and distributing these proposed swarm satellites, followed by how does a civilization guarantee that the satellites they use to ensure that the whole planet doesn't fall back into an ice-age.
Positives of implementing light directing swarm.
Multi-planet terraforming: there are already proposals by engineers and science fiction authors to place arrays of mirrors at the langrangian points of Venus, Earth, and Mars to modify the quantity of solar radiation reaching these bodies with the hopes of regulating climates. With a fully established swarm of satellites, a civilization bordering on Type 2 classification would have the ability to simultaneously regulate the climates of several worlds as opposed to a new array for each planet that needed to be modified.
Interplanetary trade would be far more feasible with a swarm of light directing satellites. Depending on the level of sophistication of the swarm a civilization could provide highways of concentrated solar radiation, powering fleets of spaceships propelled by solar sails.
The planning required to produce this kind of swarm would be incredible, realistically building something as mind boggingly massive as a proper Dyson swarm would take centuries, but the benefits to the descendants of those who planned so far into the future would be tremendous.
Another thought before I go. The nature of this kind of swarm, as opposed to more all encompassing proposals for modifying a star system, would ideally minimally impact the orbital plane that most planets find. For researchers looking from Earth, I believe we would see the solar radiation of the star heavily modified, appearing compressed with semi-regular modifications to outputs that correspond to planetary orbits. (honestly I'm talking out my ass here)
Edit 9/25/15: I really should have re-read the Dyson Sphere entry on Wikipedia, in it they describe a range of designs, and consequently this entry is more of an example of a sub-category of development, that being said I still like the idea.
Edit 9/25/15: I really should have re-read the Dyson Sphere entry on Wikipedia, in it they describe a range of designs, and consequently this entry is more of an example of a sub-category of development, that being said I still like the idea.
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